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In the pre-show auditorium, a crazed professor beckon's to the audience.
Prof. (walking towards doors): I've been working on this
darling for years,
and it's finally ready."
(Prof throws open doors to reveal an old station wagon)
Prof: Doesn't look like much, eh? Well, let me tell
you, this is the first,
well, time machine. I'm a biologist, not a mechanic,
but I needed to build
this to continue my studies. I've been trying to
study reasons for
evolutionary changes, and as no proof seems to leap forward,
going back in
time is my only option.
(Prof sits down at an unorganized desk and swivels in
his seat to view the
audience)
Prof: Look, I can't go because someone who knows this
baby forwards and
backwards needs to stay at the control center.
(He motions to his computer.)
I've loaded the on board computer with all the
information we have of the
time periods, but I need someone to go with it in case
of. . .well. .
.problems. Don't worry, Bev will know what to do
in case something. .
.happens. She's the voice-activated computer, but
she can't move. You'll
just be along for the ride. You'll also be the
first people to venture back
in time if you choose to go. It's your choice.
If you do choose to go, walk
straight through the doors on your left and walk all
the way to the end of
the row. Sit down, and pull the safety belt across
your lap, left to right.
Maybe we'll finally determine the reasons for the evolutionary
changes.
The group moves into the vehicle and sits down.
Once everyone is strapped
in, a white screen lowers and the Proffesor's face fills
the screen.
Prof: Good luck.
(Professor hits a button. The six degrees of motion
machine lurches forwards
and it looks like you go through a tunnel. A number
in the middle of the
screen gets bigger and bigger, until it says "15,000,000,000-The
Big Bang."
The car floats back and forward in the dark, with only
one small, pulsing
light in the middle of the screen.)
Bev (clears throat): What you see before you is all the
matter and energy in
the universe. It's about to explode, and then it
will spread out at the
speed of light. The universe is still expanding
now. Well, in the future,
not now now. You know what I mean, the now we just
came from. Ugh! You
have no idea what time travel is doing to my circuits.
It's almost as bad as
Y2K, only I was programed to handle this. (takes
a deep breath) In about. .
. two seconds the "Big Bang" will occur, and the matter
will expand at the
speed of light.
(A flash of light and the tubing appears.
This time the numbers go down
until "4,600,000,000" flashes on the screen)
Bev: This is the approximate date of when the earth was
created. It's
actually a process that took millions of years of swirling
dust colliding
into each other, but by now earth is pretty much the
size it is now. Not the
now now, but. . .I've already been through this.
There isn't much to see
now, but all those chunks that you see flying about in
space will collide to
add mass to the planets and their moons. Let's
go down there.
(The earth races towards the audience quickly)
Bev: There's the earth. As you can see, the earth's
mantle isn't stable yet.
In fact, it's still not quite stable. The
plates still move as they are
here, and volcanos still spew lava. (Vehicle
swerves to miss a flying chunk
of fire.) I've gotten all the information I need
now. The atmosphere is
primarily made up of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen, with some
carbon monoxide. The ozone layer is still unformed,
and there's no sign of
life yet. Let's go forward a billion years.
(The machine lurches and the numbers count down to "3,500,000,000")
Bev: I just need to get a quick sample of the ocean here.
(The screen shows
a short robot arm scooping up some water in the ocean.)
I don't want to
contaminate the future–who knows what this could do to
humans–so I need a sec
to analyze this.
(The machine rocks with the water.)
Bev: Just as we suspected. There's a plethora of
organic molecules in this
water, and even a few lipid bi-layers. Nothing
living here. . .though we do
have amino acids. Let me try another sample.
(The robotic arm extends once more. The rocking is light)
Bev: EUREKA! It IS a prokaryotic cell. They
supposedly developed about a
million years ago from the now now. They contain
a cell membrane, a
chromosome, plasmids, a mesasome, flagella, and a mesosome
for the chemical
reactions to take place in. The cytosol bathes
everything in the cell, but
it has no membrane-bound organelles. The cell doesn't
use aerobic
respiration. . .it's a heterotroph. Wouldn't Oparin and
Haldame be proud?
This is only a trial run, so I don't want to linger,
but. . .wow! There's
another. There's so much to learn. . .but I will
come back. I just want to
overfly a beach before we go.
(Flies up. There's barren land in sight. Rock is the unchanging landscape.)
Bev: There's a stromatolite! Those were fossils. . .but we must go.
(The machine lurches. "2,300,000,000" flashes the screen)
Bev: I just need to pop in to check up on the oxygen levels.
. .be out in a
sec.
(The machine lurches once more, and the numbers on the
screen stop at
"1,700,000,000")
Bev: Okay, I was just checking to see if oxygen had started
to accumulate in
the atmosphere by 2.3 billion years ago. It had,
but only in small
quantities. Now now the oxygen level has reached the
point that it really is
today. This played a big part in the role of evolution.
The stromatalites
we looked at earlier and the cyano bacteria in the ocean
raised the oxygen
levels slowly over the course of over a million years.
Oxygen is a very
reactive substance, so it was like a poison to all organisms
that encountered
it. Those that adapted to it and began to use aerobic
respiration received
more energy and therefore gained an evolutionary advantage
over their
counterparts. The revolution also lead to the creation
of the ozone layer,
so all future organisms were sheltered more from the
ultraviolet rays. We'll
make one last long jump to 1,400,000,000, but after that
things happened
fairly quickly.
(Yet another long lurch to "1,400,000,000")
Bev: This is it. Let me get one of these cells onto
the screen. (A large
cell fills the screen) Here we have a eukaryotic cell.
Membrane bound
organelles are enclosed in the outer membrane.
Mitochandria in the cell
facilitates aerobic respiration which allowed the eukaryotic
cells to grow
larger and use more energy. Other membrane organelles
float about in the
cytosol, the jelly like, nutrient rich substance.
A nucleus controls the
cell and contains chromosomes that store genetic information
in strands of
DNA. With eukaryotic cells came the possibility
of sexual reproduction in
the exchange of chromosomes with another eukaryotic cell
of the same
"species". This allowed for more variations in
the cell, and with growing
competition for food, traits could be selected for quickly
with a wider range
of variation possible. Let's move onto some of
the complex organisms that
stemmed from the eukaryotic cell.
(The machine jumps forward and the screen flashes " 540,000,000")
Bev: We just entered the Cambrian era. Hard parts,
which take up more energy
than an prokaryote cell could support, finally exist.
(The screen jumps a bit and the screen flashes "520,000,000")
Bev: Oops, I didn't jump far enough. Here we have a trilobite.
A distant
relative to the horseshoe crab, this organism had a hard
outer shell and
legs. It lived along the bottom of the ocean.
They were prominent, and
thrived for millions of years. Molluscs evolved
in this time period as well.
Vertebrates came in the next time period.
Let's move on to the Ordovician
era.
("505,000,000" is the number that the countdown stops
on as the forward lurch
ceases.)
Bev: This era saw the advent of vertebrates. Fish,
such as Astraspis, had
plated scales, but they also contained a phosphate skeleton.
These jawless
fishes had brains, but we don't know much about them.
In addition to this,
coral and bi-valve molluscs appeared during this era,
while all of the
organisms from the Cambrian era remained.
(Once again, the machine lurches forward, and the countdown
ceases at
"420,000,000:)
Bev: We have just entered the middle of the Silurian era.
Throughout the
era, heterostracans, descendants of Astraspies yet more
abundant, evolved
into more mechanically efficient fish, and they spread
to new continents.
Towards the end of the era, Euramerica was created, and
around the same song
cyathaspids, an early variety of herterostracans evolved
to inhabit brackish
and freshwater environments in Euramerica. In this
fashion, by adapting to
new environments, the decendents of heterostracans survived
to be
pterasphids. Many groups evolved in ways such as
this one throughout the
time period.
(The machine lurches forward without warning. "375,000,000" flashes.)
Bev: Well, here we are in the late Devonian era.
Land plants have been
around since the late Silurian, but Devonian plants grew
to be over a meter
in length, using asexual reproductions and producing
large quantities at
first. Flora evolved rapidly, though, so by the
end of the Devonian era
trees, such as Archaeopteris, could stand. As far
as fauna went, though,
animals could go onto land for brief stints of time.
Lobefin fish had fins
that were adapted into the pattern that animals such
as horses use for
motion, only it originally evolved for efficient swimming.
The bones from
the first amphibian were found in the middle of bones
from the late Devonian
age, so the animal could breath and move on land.
Ichtyostega, yet another
amphibian from the time period, devel op ed a rib cage.
Evolution continued to
select for traits that would expand territory and give
the animal a better
chance for survival.
(Once again, the machine lurches to "330,000,000")
Bev: Here we are in the midst of the Carboniferous.
Small amphibians and
(The tubing appears, the ride jerks forward. The
countdown goes on until
Bev: The Permian. Did you ever think you'd see an
ice age? Trick
Bev: The Triassic. Finally an era most of you have
heard about. It saw the
Bev: Whew. That was close. In any event, now
we're in the Jurassic era.
(One last long motion, this time backwards–the screen
reads "0")
Prof: Did you find anything?
Bev: Well, we didn't encounter any major problems. . .and
we did manage to
Prof: Worthless! Get out! I NEEDED that information.
Shoo! I'll put
Bev: But this group learned something. We traveled
through time since the
Prof: I have access to your data banks. (Turns towards
the audience.) Well,
(The screen fades out and the buckles unlock.)
The Science of Evolution
For factual information on The Big Bang, Darwin, and Early
Earth and Evolution: Click here.
reptiles lived off of worms and grubs, as well as insects,
in the forests.
Their body size enabled them to become agile,
although their prey was slow. The forests of the
times, though, w ere giant.
Trees such as the giant lycopod trees became 30 meters
tall, a nd the forest
floor was covered with dead leaves and small animals.
"270,000,000" hits.)
question–you've been living in one. Well, Gondwanaland
is over the south
pole, covered with a giant ice sheet, just like Antarctica
is covered. Ice
ages aren't marked by perpetual ice. In fact, the
ice sheets recede several
times over the course of an ice age. As far as
major adaptations go,
reptiles living in the tropics now have thermoregulation.
They can gain more
heat in the warmer regions, and that means the reptiles
have the ability to
become more productive. I'm running fairly low
on fuel–the next three stops
will have to be quick.
("245,000,000" flashes on the screen)
first of the dinosaurs. They were basically larger
reptiles, but dinosaurs
started small to begin with. Theropods were the
first dinosaurs, and they
were the ancestors of birds. Lightly built, they. . ..
AHH! Here comes a
Eoraptor! They were supposed to evolve later. .
.
(The machine jolts to "200,000,000")
Yes, that's the era the movie was set in. . .but they
had some of the
dinosaurs in the wrong eras. Allosaurus lived in
the Jurassic, but
Tyrannosaurus rex lived during the Cretaceous.
Yikes! I'm really running
low. We'll have to skip the Cretaceous and go directly
back to the
professor. I hope this was. . .fun?
gather data from all the eras. Speculation was
confirmed, but we didn't
encounter any specific events, with the sole exception
of the Big Bang.
someone who knows what I want in there!
beginning of the universe, and they're the only people
that have actually
done it. Don't you even want to speak with them?
go ahead, unbuckle your seats, and turn to your left.
Shoo!